Physics of the Aurora
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La aurora, ya de por si fascinante por su belleza y la multitud de sus formas, ha resultado aún más fascinante en términos de la física que se puede aprender de su estudio científico. Observaciones in situ de la aurora y de los fenómenos relacionados con ella han sacado a la luz los procesos de la física de plasmas, cuya presencia tiene un profundo impacto en nuestro concepto del espacio que nos rodea. La mayoría de estos procesos están relacionados con procesos de aceleraci6n auroral. Aunque se sabe desde hace tiempo que la aurora es causada por electrones de unos cuantos keV que inciden sobre la atmósfera superior, la forma en que estos electrones obtienen su energía ha sido un asunto crucial y controvertido. Actualmente existe una concordancia casi universal en que los campos eléctricos alineados a los campos magnéticos juegan un papel clave, lo que confirma lo predicho por Hannes Alfven hace más de tres décadas. Se han reconocido tres mecanismos principales que hacen posible la existencia de tales campos. Es probable que todos ellos operen en la región de aceleración auroral, pero los papeles que cada uno de ellos juega aún no están determinados. También ha quedado claro que existe una intrincada relación entre estos campos y las diversas formas de interacci6n onda-partícula que involucran campos eléctricos dependientes del tiempo en un amplio rango de frecuencias. Los campos eléctricos alineados con los campos magnéticos tienen consecuencias importantes sobre el comportamiento de un plasma, no solo porque energetizan las partículas sino porque afectan también al comportamiento del plasma mismo, mediante la violación de la "condición de campo congelado". Por lo tanto, el entendimiento de estos campos constituye también una base importante para la comprensi6n de los plasmas cósmicos en general. Las mismas fuerzas que lanzan a los electrones aurorales hacia abajo también lanzan iones positives hacia arriba, al interior de la magnetosfera. Esta expulsión puede ser tan abundante que en ocasiones una gran parte de la magnetosfera está dominada por plasma de oxígeno proveniente de la propia ionosfera de la Tierra, en vez de estarlo por el plasma de hidrógeno del viento solar. Por razones que apenas empezamos a entender, la expulsión es altamente selectiva. En otras palabras, constituye un mecanismo eficiente de separación química, cuya mera existencia era completamente inesperada hasta hace muy poco. tiempo. Un mecanismo similar de separación puede operar en otros plasmas astrofísicos, de modo que la importancia de este descubrimiento podría tener un largo alcance. Alguien ha enfatizado que las lecciones aprendidas en las regiones accesibles del espacio de plasma requieren un "cambia de paradigma" que afecte a toda la astrofísica, la cosmología y la cosmogonía. La mayoría de estas lecciones han provenido del estudio de los problemas relacionados con la aurora, y es posible que aún surjan más.
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