Integrated Groundwater Potential and Quality Assessment in Pezu Dara Using Geophysical, GIS, and Hydrochemical Approaches
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Resumen
El cambio climático global, el aumento de la demanda de agua y la rápida urbanización representan graves amenazas para la sostenibilidad del agua subterránea en las regiones áridas y semiáridas. A nivel mundial, cerca de cuatro mil millones de personas sufren escasez de agua, y muchos países en desarrollo, incluido Pakistán, enfrentan dificultades para garantizar un acceso confiable al agua potable. Este estudio adopta un enfoque integral que combina métodos geofísicos de superficie y subsuperficie (sondeos eléctricos verticales y registros de perforación) con un análisis basado en SIG mediante el método de Factores Múltiples de Influencia (MIF) y una evaluación hidroquímica, con el fin de evaluar el potencial y la calidad del agua subterránea en la cuenca semiárida de Bannu, Pezu Darra, distrito de Lakki Marwat, norte de Pakistán. Dentro del marco SIG, se incorporaron parámetros como la pendiente, densidad de lineamientos, densidad de drenaje, elevación, distancia a los ríos, índice topográfico de humedad (TWI), uso/cobertura del suelo, litología y precipitación para delimitar las zonas de potencial de agua subterránea. Se analizaron veinte sondeos eléctricos verticales (VES) y registros geofísicos de dos pozos tubulares para caracterizar el sistema acuífero subterráneo. Además, se examinaron nueve muestras de agua para diez parámetros fisicoquímicos. Los resultados muestran que el 3,1% del área de estudio corresponde a una zona de potencial muy bajo, mientras que el 11.83%, 63.81% y 21.26% corresponden a zonas de potencial bajo, moderado y alto, respectivamente. En la parte occidental del área, los acuíferos de alto potencial se encuentran a profundidades de aproximadamente 170 m, mientras que en la parte oriental —clasificada como zona de potencial muy bajo— los acuíferos se localizan a profundidades cercanas a 235 m. Las propiedades hidráulicas de las capas suprayacentes se estimaron a partir de los datos VES para evaluar la capacidad de protección del acuífero. La conductancia longitudinal varía de 0,5 a 2,9 mhos, y la resistencia transversal oscila entre 13.711 y 101.622 Ω·m2, lo que indica una protección heterogénea del acuífero. En conjunto, el estudio demuestra la eficacia de integrar análisis geoespaciales, geofísicos e hidroquímicos para desarrollar una comprensión integral del potencial y la calidad del agua subterránea. Estos resultados son fundamentales para la gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos, el desarrollo informado de las aguas subterráneas y la planificación hídrica resiliente al clima en regiones semiáridas.
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