Holocene landscape transformation of lake basins of Central Mexico based on volcanic soil development: a first exploratory study from micromorphology to magnetic mineralogy
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Resumen
Los óxidos de hierro se pueden producir en los suelos debido a la meteorización química/pedogénesis y son relacionables con las condiciones climáticas y también con alteraciones antrópicas. En esta investigación, se analizaron cuatro perfiles de suelo (TAC1, TAC2, TAC3 y LV1) en áreas con condiciones climáticas diferentes en dos cuencas lacustres de ambientes volcánicos: la Alberca de Tacámbaro (TAC) en el estado de Michoacán, con un clima cálido-subhúmedo y el Lago Verde (LV) en el estado de Veracruz con un clima cálido-húmedo. El estudio realizado ha tenido como objetivo generar información preliminar sobre la transformación del paisaje en las dos cuencas lacustres atendiendo a los procesos pedogénicos específicos del sitio en una escala de tiempo centenaria-milenaria y el posible impacto de actividades antropogénicas recientes en los suelos de estas cuencas lacustres. Se analizaron las diferencias en el grado de pedogénesis en los suelos a partir de estudios de mineralogía magnética que se complementaron y compararon con estudios de micromorfología, mineralogía en roca total e identificación de arcillas, color y textura de los horizontes del suelo. Se obtuvieron también dataciones mediante 14C en materia orgánica de varios de los horizontes para, junto a los rasgos micromorfológicos, interpretar los posibles cambios del paisaje en estas cuencas debido al impacto antrópico. Se identificó que en los suelos de TAC y LV los procesos pedogenéticos no fueron suficientes para eliminar la señal magnética de los minerales volcánicos. La mineralogía magnética en los perfiles está dominada por minerales ferrimagnéticos de baja coercitividad; magnetita y titanomagnetita en el caso de los perfiles de TAC y también maghemita en el caso del perfil LV1. Las características del perfil LV1, como la presencia de un horizonte tipo Bt, iluviación de arcilla y presencia de óxidos de Fe, sugieren un avance de la pedogénesis mayor que en los perfiles de TAC. Tanto en los perfiles de TAC como en LV se observó el retrabajo del material edáfico y varios ciclos de formación de suelo relacionables con el posible impacto antrópico. En los perfiles TAC1 y TAC2 lo anterior quedó evidenciado por la presencia de fragmentos de carbón y las edades de los horizontes BC de 1955 cal AD, mientras que en el perfil TAC3 se observaron tres ciclos de sedimentación y formación de suelo. En el perfil LV1, a una profundidad de 90 cm, se obtuvo una edad de 2007 cal AD para el horizonte 2Cb1, y el retrabajo del material edáfico fue observable por la presencia de fragmentos de suelo arcilloso y minerales frescos en el suelo moderno (Ah-AB-Bt). Todos los datos obtenidos también serán útiles para establecer la relación suelos-sedimentos para estudios paleoclimáticos en sedimentos lacustres de la región central de México.
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