Long-term evolution of subduction zones and the development of wide magmatic ares
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Una gran parte de la superficie del sudoeste de Estados Unidos y del norte de México se encuentra cubierta por rocas ígneas de edad Mesozoica Tardía-Cenozoica. Estas se extienden a lo largo de varias provincias que muestran distintas características estructurales y petrotectónicas, además de tener estructura litosféricas diferente. Resultados químicos y petrográficos muestran afinidades con arcos magmáticos, particularmente los complejos calcoalcalinos, apoyando un vínculo genético con los procesos de convergencia entre las placas Farallón y Kula con la placa Norteamericana. Sin embargo, el ancho del arco magmático (que llega a los 1100 km) y la distancia ente el arco y la trinchera (calculada a partir de reconstrucciones paleogeográficas) contrastan notoriamente cuando son comparadas con las rocas observadas en las zonas de subducción en sistemas de arcos magmáticos contemporáneos. Estudios geocronológicos y estratigráficos han fundamentado la aparente migración este-oeste de la actividad magmática que queda definida por el patrón espacio-tiempo a partir de los datos geocronológicos, es referido como un arco magmático espacial. Se analizan varios modelos considerando diferentes relaciones geométricas, cinemáticas y dinámicas: (1) ángulo de subducción variable-profundidad y rango de fusión constante (zona de generación de magma); (2) ángulo de subducción variable-profundidad y rango de fusión variable; (3) ángulo bajo de subducción y distancia variable entre la trinchera y el arco (migración lateral de la trinchera debido a la variación en el ángulo de subducción en la zona poco profunda y a los sedimentos de acreción); (4) tectónica de extensión, y (5) extensión de intra-arco y post-arco. El análisis de los modelos de espacio-tiempo muestran que el arco magmático espacial se alejó hasta 450 km de la trinchera entre los 120 y 55 millones de años, regresando nuevamente en dirección de la trinchera entre los 30 y 20-15 millones de años. El ancho del arco magmático se incrementa hasta 550 km entre 120 y 70 millones de años, manteniéndose casi constante hasta 20 millones de años. Las rocas de la Provincia Alcalina del Golfo re- presentan la porción más oriental del arco magmático, cuyas características geoquímicas y petrográficas muestran una transición de magínatismo de subducción a magmatismo de extensión continental. Esta transición coincide con el modelo de subducción de ángulo bajo y la migración lateral de la actividad durante el Terciario.
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