Impact of 2019 Earthquakes on Shallow Aquifers in Northern sub-Himalayan Pakistan: A Detailed Analysis of Mirpur and Surrounding Areas
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En 2019, una serie de terremotos afectó la región subhimalaya del norte de Pakistán, con el terremoto de Mirpur desencadenando extensas deformaciones superficiales por licuefacción cosísmica, como surgencias de arena, fallas del terreno y desplazamientos laterales a lo largo del Canal Superior de Jhelum (UJC). Se realizaron un total de treinta y dos sondeos eléctricos verticales (VES) para investigar el sistema acuífero profundo de la región. Además, se llevó a cabo un perfilaje de tomografía de resistividad eléctrica (ERT) a lo largo del canal para delinear de manera integral las condiciones subsuperficiales asociadas al fenómeno de licuefacción cosísmica en la región epicentral. Para evaluar la calidad del agua después de los terremotos, también se realizaron análisis fisicoquímicos en veinticuatro muestras de agua recolectadas de pozos tubulares y pozos someros en el área de estudio. Los datos de VES revelan que las unidades litológicas consisten en gruesas capas de arcilla arenosa, arena y arena con grava. El mapa de iso-resistividad y el análisis hidroquímico reflejan un potencial de agua subterránea dulce a una profundidad de aproximadamente 100 m. Los perfiles de ERT identificaron una capa saturada de arcilla de baja resistividad (<10 Ωm) con un espesor de aproximadamente 20 m. Esta capa saturada registra el aumento del nivel freático y contribuye a la licuefacción y subsidencia del terreno durante un terremoto. Los valores elevados de turbidez en las muestras de agua somera documentan el deterioro de la calidad del agua debido a los múltiples temblores. Las unidades de acuíferos arenosos presentes a mayores profundidades son altamente recomendables para consumo humano y uso doméstico.
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