The use of in situ Gamma-Ray Spectrometry to Assess the Environmental Impacts of Intensive Agriculture in terms of Geochemical Mobility in soil and waters
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Resumen
La concentración y movilidad de metales en la litosfera y la hidrosfera están influenciadas por muchos parámetros físico-químicos y procesos de origen natural y antropogénico, siendo este último responsable de impactos en muchos ecosistemas alrededor del mundo, incluyendo los humedales. Estas zonas de transición, a menudo caracterizadas por la presencia de suelos hídricos, vegetación adaptada y presencia estacional o permanente de agua superficial, suelen estar bajo presión humana en términos de conversión de uso del suelo y contaminación, especialmente en áreas de producción agrícola, donde el exceso de nutrientes/materia orgánica, pesticidas, sales, sedimentos, metales pesados y radionúclidos (provenientes de fertilizantes inorgánicos) pueden alterar sustancialmente el equilibrio ecológico de estos ecosistemas. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el impacto agrícola en un humedal tropical geográficamente aislado en el Cerrado brasileño mediante el análisis de la movilidad geoquímica e interacción entre agua superficial y subterránea a través de espectrometría de rayos gamma in situ y mediciones de conductividad hidráulica. Los resultados demostraron que los márgenes de este humedal, con suelos derivados de diabasa, son uno de los compartimentos más importantes y críticos debido a su capacidad tanto de inmovilización de metales como de infiltración de agua superficial, indicado especialmente por las concentraciones de uranio. El torio, por su parte, se relacionó principalmente con el transporte coluvial desde las pendientes hacia el centro del humedal, corroborado también por zonas de baja conductividad hidráulica como resultado de la compactación del suelo debido al uso de maquinaria agrícola pesada y aumento del flujo de escorrentía. Por lo tanto, la metodología aplicada podría utilizarse como un método inicial de detección rápida en humedales bajo otros contextos climáticos, geológicos y edafológicos, con el fin de evaluar la dinámica hidrogeoquímica local y los impactos de la agricultura.
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