A laboratory example of penetrative convection
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Abstract
A horizontal layer of water, cooled below 4 °C on its bottom surface, can convect into the stably stratified water above the level of maximum density. A quantitative theory of this penetrative convection is proposed for the fully turbulent regime. An extreme structure for the region of penetration is found, based on only inertial properties of the flow. The predicted heat transports and depths of penetration agree with the limited amount of experimental data which are available.
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Malkus, W. V. R. (2020). A laboratory example of penetrative convection. Geofisica Internacional, 5(3), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1965.5.3.1115
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