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Tania Karen Espinoza-Ju%u00e1rez et al. | 2077those recorded in the central wells. La Cruz shows the highest E.C. within this group (878%u00a0%u00b5S/cm).The Piper diagram (Figure 3a) indicates that the majority of samples exhibit a chemical composition that varies from calcium-bicarbonate to calcium-sulfate, except for La Cruz well, situated to the southeast part of the study area, which plots within a water mixing field. This well, as well as LCR, exhibit As concentrations below the limits established by NOM-127-SSA1-2021.The D'Amore diagram (Figure 3b) show distinct groupings and trends among the sampled wells based on major ion composition (D%u2019Amore et al., 1983). Manantial Jal displays a distinctive ion pattern compared to other sample locations, while La Cruz, El Muhi, and Detzani show differentiated trends to a lesser extent.In the diagram of mineral dissolution and alteration processes (Figure 4) the HCO3/SiO2 versus Mg/(Mg+Ca) ratio differentiates between carbonate and silicate alteration domains, with HCO3/SiO2 values exceeding 10 indicative of carbonate dissolution, whereas values below 5 signify silicate alteration (Hounslow, 2018). These processes mainly cause the degradation of feldspars to kaolinite, sericite, epidote and quartz through hydrothermal alteration processes of propylitic, argillic and phyllic type (Simons & Mapes, 1956).During carbonate interaction, water exhibits an increase in alkaline-earth elements (though a comparable response may occur with felsic rocks), and diminished concentrations of alkaline elements; conversely, silicate alteration results in an opposite scenario (Clark, 2015).5.2. Geophysics5.2.1.Gravimetric dataThe Bouguer anomaly reveals variations in subsoil density by correcting for the topographic effect, which allows these anomalies to be related to or differentiated from topography and thus identify possible underground structures. Therefore, to differentiate whether a gravimetric anomaly is associated with the topography or indicates an underground structure, the Global Multi-Resolution Topography (Ryan et al., 2009) was used (Figure 5a).Simple Bouguer Anomaly data obtained from the ICGEM platform utilized the gravimetric satellite data set of the EIGEN-6C4 model. A spectrum analysis was performed to separate the regional and residual effects, with the latter utilized for the following application of the vertical derivative (Figure5b) and for the data inversion that ultimately produced the 3D density model.5.2.2. Aeromagnetic DataThe magnetic data enabled the identification of lineaments (Figure 6) in the study area that correspond with faults documented in prior research (Ramos Leal, 1996; Servicio Geol%u00f3gico Mexicano, 2022).The analytical signal map (Figure 7) illustrates surface structures linked to three Aeromagnetic Domains (AMD's). Table 2. Concentrations of major and trace elements and physicochemical parameters of groundwater samples collected in the study area.Well pH T (%u00b0C) C.E. Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- SO42- HCO3- SiO2 F- As%u00b5S/cm mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ LNOM-127-SSA1-2021 (mg/L) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 400 N/A N/A1.5 0.025P2 7.47 25.53 433 14.7 1.77 58.33 12.1 11.3 31.04 222.94 25.04 0.19 0.107P5 7.5 29.2 531 8.56 1.07 79.01 16.9 7.49 62.96 239.22 15.62 0.715 0.516Detza ni 7.24 26.5 692 9.75 0.85 110.7 19.39 8 156.9 264.33 12.28 0.435 0.81HA 7.25 21.59 740 17.25 2.3 123.1 7.52 29.5 82.52 270.61 12.92 0.202 0.029La Cruz 7.98 26.9 878 86.1 7.47 57.26 24.88 73.2 104.4 260.15 69.33 0.463 0.006LCR 7.41 22.74 561 19.9 2.76 75.39 15.34 12.5 43.12 294.24 30.51 0.333 0.004SPF M 7.35 24.34 691 24.21 2.94 80.16 28.93 12.5 45.9 382.75 43.12 0.773 0.061Man. Jal 7.6 22.35 2850 76.55 25.38 572.6 52.1 100 1622 364.8 20.11 1.34 1.866El Muhi 7.16 31.84 567 42.1 3.8 56.69 20.2 5.97 67.67 282.24 16.22 2.3 1.212*Values highlighted in bold are those that exceed the limits established by the NOM-127-SSA1-2021 in the study area.