The Usefulness of Seismic Attribute Mapping in the Interpretation of Submarine Channel Seismic Geomorphology: A Comparative Review
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Resumen
Los canales submarinos son componentes principales que transportan y almacenan sedimentos a lo largo de los márgenes continentales, actuando como vías confinadas para las corrientes de turbidez, facilitando la transferencia de sedimentos desde aguas someras hacia el océano profundo y formando depósitos importantes ricos en arena con alto potencial como reservorios de hidrocarburos. Los procesos sedimentarios son fundamentales para modelar la morfología de los canales submarinos y los elementos arquitectónicos que los componen. Esto puede comprenderse mediante el análisis de geomorfología sísmica, el cual revela características geológicas y geomorfológicas a partir de datos sísmicos. El entendimiento de los canales submarinos a través de su morfología y arquitectura permite construir geometrías detalladas y su evolución, con aplicaciones en la predicción de reservorios, la migración de hidrocarburos y el almacenamiento geológico de carbono. Esta revisión evalúa la eficacia de los atributos sísmicos en la caracterización de la geomorfología de canales submarinos. El estudio analiza 20 artículos revisados por pares publicados entre 2016 y 2023 que aplican análisis de atributos sísmicos para la interpretación geológica de canales submarinos. Los atributos sísmicos como RMS (raíz cuadrática media), varianza, frecuencia instantánea, “sweetness”, inclinación (dip), curvatura, coherencia y envolvente fueron comúnmente utilizados en los casos de estudio revisados. Los atributos físicos destacan variaciones relacionadas con la amplitud que pueden reflejar contrastes litológicos, dependiendo de la calibración de los datos y del contexto deposicional, mientras que los atributos geométricos delinean los márgenes de los canales y sus geometrías en planta, y dependen fuertemente de la calidad de los datos sísmicos. En los casos donde los atributos individuales no son suficientes para revelar claramente la geomorfología de los canales, se emplearon análisis adicionales como la co-visualización (co-rendering) y la descomposición espectral para mejorar la interpretación. Este estudio confirma que los atributos sísmicos proporcionan información confiable sobre los depósitos de canales submarinos, incluyendo posibles contrastes litológicos, límites de canal, morfología de los sistemas de canal y la distribución de las acumulaciones sedimentarias dentro de estos sistemas. Sin embargo, la precisión de la interpretación depende de la calidad de los datos sísmicos y del conocimiento geológico del área de estudio. Un conocimiento insuficiente o datos sísmicos de baja calidad pueden conducir a una aplicación inadecuada de los parámetros de atributos y a posibles interpretaciones erróneas.
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