An innovative weighted fuzzy soft set-based model for multi-criteria groundwater quality assessment in urban areas: A case study of Agartala, India
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Resumen
Este estudio presenta un innovador modelo de toma de decisiones multicriterio basado en conjuntos difusos suaves ponderados (modelo B) para evaluar la calidad de las aguas subterráneas e identificar las fuentes de contaminación en entornos urbanos, con un estudio de caso en Agartala, Tripura, noreste de la India. La rápida urbanización y las presiones antropogénicas han afectado significativamente la calidad de las aguas subterráneas, lo que exige metodologías avanzadas para su evaluación y gestión eficaces. El modelo propuesto incorpora diez parámetros críticos de calidad de las aguas subterráneas (GWQP: pH, conductividad eléctrica, concentración de hierro, oxígeno disuelto, dureza total, alcalinidad total, sólidos disueltos totales, calcio, magnesio y turbidez), transformados en conjuntos difusos suaves para un análisis integral. Las muestras de aguas subterráneas se recolectaron sistemáticamente en diez ubicaciones estratégicas de la Corporación Municipal de Agartala durante tres estaciones distintas: premonzón (marzo–mayo), monzón (junio–septiembre) y posmonzón (octubre–noviembre) de 2023–2024. El análisis reveló variaciones estacionales en la calidad de las aguas subterráneas, con un deterioro notable durante la estación premonzónica debido a la reducción de la recarga de los acuíferos y al aumento de la evaporación, mientras que las mejoras observadas durante el monzón fueron limitadas y estuvieron influenciadas principalmente por la dilución causada por las precipitaciones. Determinadas áreas mostraron de manera constante altos niveles de contaminación, destacando fuentes localizadas de contaminación y elevados riesgos para la salud. Las puntuaciones ponderadas de contaminación obtenidas mediante el modelo permitieron una identificación precisa de las fuentes de contaminación, facilitando estrategias de intervención específicas. Esta investigación destaca el potencial de los enfoques basados en conjuntos difusos suaves para una evaluación sólida de la calidad de las aguas subterráneas y enfatiza su integración en prácticas sostenibles de gestión del agua y planificación urbana para mitigar los riesgos de contaminación en regiones de rápida urbanización como Agartala. Los análisis comparativos con métodos existentes validan y destacan las ventajas de nuestro enfoque.
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