Assimilating chemical observations in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area using WRFDA-Chem
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Resumen
Las excedencias de contaminación atmosférica son eventos importantes de calidad del aire por sus efectos asociados en la salud pública. Los modelos de transporte químico se utilizan con frecuencia para estimar las concentraciones de contaminantes, especialmente en zonas con capacidad de monitoreo limitada. Si bien su rendimiento puede mejorarse combinando observaciones de diferentes plataformas mediante la asimilación de datos, en México estas aplicaciones son limitadas, especialmente aquellas que buscan asimilar observaciones de composición química. En este estudio, se asimilaron las observaciones en superficie de O3, CO y NO2 reportadas por red de monitoreo local (RAMA), junto con observaciones meteorológicas globales convencionales, en la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México (ZMCM) mediante el sistema de asimilación WRFDA-Chem v4.5.2 y el algoritmo 3DVAR. Las observaciones globales se obtuvieron en formato PREPBUFR y consistieron en informes meteorológicos de altitud y superficie recopilados a nivel mundial. Las observaciones incluyeron presión, temperatura, punto de rocío, velocidad y dirección del viento, provenientes de diversas plataformas, incluyendo informes de superficie, radiosondas y aeronaves. Se realizaron dos conjuntos de experimentos centrados en el impacto de las condiciones químicas iniciales y de frontera. Un experimento utilizó las condiciones químicas iniciales y de frontera predeterminadas. En el experimento "default", el modelo WRF-Chem se inicializó mediante perfiles ideales NALROM (NOAA Aeronomy Lab Regional Oxidant Model) predeterminados, incluidos en el modelo. Estos perfiles representan una composición atmosférica relativamente limpia en el hemisferio norte, en latitudes medias, y proporcionan valores para especies como O3, CO y NOx (Guía del usuario de WRF-Chem). En el otro experimento, "global", el perfil ideal NALROM fue reemplazado por campos químicos externos obtenidos del modelo global de transporte químico WACCM (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model). Estos campos proporcionan condiciones iniciales y de contorno que varían espacial y temporalmente, reflejando distribuciones químicas realistas a gran escala, en lugar de una climatología estática. Los resultados mostraron que la asimilación de datos químicos corrigió las concentraciones de contaminantes. En cuanto al CO y el NO2, las diferencias entre los resultados del modelo y las observaciones fueron relativamente pequeñas, lo que sugiere la necesidad de ajustar los parámetros de la matriz de covarianza del error de fondo para estos contaminantes. Sin embargo, en el caso del ozono, el uso de las salidas del modelo global para inicializar el modelo tendió a representar mejor la concentración máxima regional, mientras que el uso de las condiciones predeterminadas tendió a representar mejor la concentración media regional. No obstante, ambas configuraciones estimaron picos diarios de ozono similares. Esto sugiere que el uso de condiciones químicas predeterminadas cicladas durante un período prolongado puede optimizar los recursos de almacenamiento y cómputo.
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