Comparative Study of Atmospheric Particulate Matter Size Distribution in East and West Tehran, Iran
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Para investigar el patrón de distribución del tamaño de las partículas atmosféricas suspendidas en Teherán, se realizó un muestreo simultáneo en seis estaciones ubicadas en las mitades occidental (ST1 a ST3) y oriental (ST4 a ST6) de la ciudad. Se midieron las concentraciones de masa en nueve fracciones de tamaño que iban desde partículas mayores de 11 µm hasta aquellas menores de 0.4 µm. Los resultados indicaron que en las estaciones occidentales, las concentraciones de masa más altas se observaron principalmente en las fracciones de partículas más gruesas (11-7 µm y ≥11 µm), con valores máximos de 19.6 y 16.3 µg.m-3 registrados en ST2 y ST1, respectivamente. Este patrón sugiere el predominio de fuentes mecánicas y la resuspensión de polvo de la carretera en la parte occidental de la ciudad. En contraste, la mitad oriental de Teherán exhibió una tendencia creciente en la concentración dentro de las fracciones más finas (menos de 2.1 µm), con el valor más alto medido en ST6 en la fracción <0.4 µm (18.7 µg.m-3). Además, en los rangos de 0.7-0.4 µm y 2.1-1.1 µm, las estaciones orientales mostraron concentraciones más altas en comparación con las estaciones occidentales. Este cambio en el patrón de distribución de tamaño, del predominio de partículas gruesas en el oeste al predominio de partículas finas en el este, puede atribuirse a las diferencias en el uso del suelo, la densidad del tráfico, las fuentes relacionadas con la combustión, así como las condiciones topográficas y los patrones de viento predominantes en Teherán. En general, los hallazgos indican una mayor contribución de partículas finas secundarias y relacionadas con la combustión en la mitad oriental, mientras que la mitad occidental parece estar más influenciada por fuentes primarias y la resuspensión de partículas gruesas. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de las estrategias de gestión específicas de la región para el control efectivo de la contaminación por material particulado en la megaciudad de Teherán.
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Citas
Anderson, H. R., Armstrong, B., Hajat, S., Harrison, R., Monk, V., Poloniecki, J., et al., 2010. Air pollution and activation of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in London. Epidemiology, 21, 405–413. DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181d61600
Atkinson, R. W., Fuller, G. W., Anderson, H. R., Harrison, R. M. and Armstrong, B., 2010. Urban ambient particle metrics and health: Atime-series analysis. Epidemiology. 21, 501–511. DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181debc88
Bayer-Oglesby, L., Grize, L., Gassner, M., Takken-Sahli, K., Sennhauser, F. H., Neu, U., et al., 2005. Decline of ambient air pollution levels and improved respiratory health in Swiss children. Environmental Health Perspectives. 113, 1632–1637. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.815
Berberian, M., & Yeats, R. S. (2016). Tehran: An earthquake time bomb. In R. Sorkhabi (Ed.), Tectonic evolution, collision, and seismicity of Southwest Asia: In honor of Manuel Berberian’s forty-five years of research contributions (Geological Society of America Special Paper 525, pp. 1–84). Geological Society of America. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/2016.2525(04)
Bind, M. A., Baccarelli, A., Zanobetti, A., Tarantini, L., Suh, H., Vokonas, P., et al., 2012. Air pollution and markers of coagulation, inflammation, and endothelial function: Associations and epigene-environment interactions in an elderly cohort. Epidemiology. 23, 332–340. DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31824523f0
Brunekreef, B. and Forsberg, B., 2005. Epidemiological evidence of effects of coarse airborne particles on health. European Respiratory Journal. 26, 309–318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00001805
Crouse, D. L., Peters, P. A., van Donkelaar, A., Goldberg, M. S., Villeneuve, P. J., Brion, O., et al. 2012. Risk of nonaccidental and cardiovascular mortality in relation to longterm exposure to low concentrations of fine particulate matter: A Canadian national-level cohort study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120, 708–714. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.110404
Downs, S. H., Schindler, C., Liu, L. J., Keidel, D., Bayer- Oglesby, L., Brutsche, M. H., et al., 2007. Reduced exposure to PM10 and attenuated age-related decline in lung function. New England Journal of Medicine. 357, 2338–2347. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa073625
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2009. Integrated science assessment for particulate matter (final report). Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm? deid=216546#Download. Accessed 15 February 2015.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2013. EPA and NIH announce the winning team in my air, my health challenge/ winners developed a low cost, real time personal digital device that measures health effects of harmful air pollution. http://blog.epa.gov/science/2013/06/visualizing-the-invisiblewith- the-my-air-my-health-challenge-winners/. Accessed 12 February 2015.
Filleul, L., Rondeau, V., Vandentorren, S., Le Moual, N., Cantagrel, A., Annesi-Maesano, I., et al., 2005. Twenty five year mortality and air pollution: Results from the French PAARC survey. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 62, 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2004.014746
Gasser, M., Riediker, M., Mueller, L., Perrenoud, A., Blank, F., Gehr, P., et al., 2009. Toxic effects of brake wear particles on epithelial lung cells in vitro. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 6, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-6-30
Gottipolu, R. R., Landa, E. R., Schladweiler, M. C., McGee, J. K., Ledbetter, A. D., Richards, J. H., et al., 2008. Cardiopulmonary responses of intratracheally instilled tire particles and constituent metal components. Inhalation Toxicology. 20, 473–484.
Gowers, A. M., Cullinan, P., Ayres, J. G., Anderson, H. R., Strachan, D. P., Holgate, S. T., et al. 2012. Does outdoor air pollution induce new cases of asthma? Biological plausibility and evidence. Respirology. 17, 887–898. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02195.x
Graff, D. W., Cascio, W. E., Rappold, A., Zhou, H., Huang, Y. C., Devlin, R. B., et al., 2009. Exposure to concentrated coarse air pollution particles causes mild cardiopulmonary effects in healthy young adults. Environmental Health Perspectives. 117, 1089–1094.
Guxens, M. and Sunyer, J., 2012. A review of epidemiological studies on neuropsychological effects of air pollution. Swiss Medical Weekly, 141, w13322.
Health Effects Institute (HEI) National Particle Component Toxicity (NPACT) Review Panel. 2013a. NPACT Initiative. http://pubs.healtheffects.org/getfile.php?u=934. Accessed 16 February 2015.
Health Effects Institute (HEI) Panel on the Health Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution. Special Report 17. 2010. Traffic-related air pollution: a critical review of the literature on emissions, exposure and health effects. http:// pubs.healtheffects.org/getfile.php?u=553. Accessed 21 February 2015.
Health Effects Institute (HEI) Review Panel on Ultrafine Particles. 2013b. Understanding the health effects of ambient ultrafine particles. http://pubs.healtheffects.org/getfile. php?u=893. Accessed 16 February 2015.
Hildebrandt, K., Rückerl, R., Koenig, W., Schneider, A., Pitz, M., Heinrich, J., et al., 2009. Short-term effects of air pollution: A panel study of blood markers in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 6, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-6-25
Hoek, G., Brunekreef, B., Goldbohm, S., Fischer, P. and van den Brandt, P. A., 2002. Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: A cohort study. The Lancet. 360, 1203–1209.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2012. Diesel engine exhaust carcinogenic. http://www.iarc.fr/en/ media-centre/pr/2012/pdfs/pr213_E.pdf. Accessed 10 February 2015.
Ito, K., Mathes, R., Ross, Z., Nádas, A., Thurston, G. and Matte, T., 2011. Fine particulate matter constituents associated with cardiovascular hospitalizations and mortality in New York City. Environmental Health Perspectives. 119, 467–473. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-6-25
Janssen, N. A., Brunekreef, B., van Vliet, P., Aarts, F., Meliefste, K., Harssema, H., et al., 2003. The relationship between air pollution from heavy traffic and allergic sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and respiratory symptoms in Dutch schoolchildren. Environmental Health Perspectives. 111, 1512–1518. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.624
Katsouyanni, K., Touloumi, G., Samoli, E., Gryparis, A., Le Tertre, A., Monopolis, Y., et al., 2001. Confounding and effect modification in the short-term effects of ambient particles on total mortality: results from 29 European cities within the APHEA2 project. Epidemiology. 12, 521–531.
Kelly, J. F., Fussell, C. J., 2015. Air pollution and public health: emerging hazards and improved understanding of risk. Environ Geochem Health. 37, 631–649
Kim, J. J., Huen, K., Adams, S., Smorodinsky, S., Hoats, A., Malig, B., et al., 2008. Residential traffic and children’s respiratory health. Environmental Health Perspectives. 116, 1274–1279.
Kim, S. Y., Peel, J. L., Hannigan, M. P., Dutton, S. J., Sheppard, L., Clark, M. L., et al., 2012. The temporal lag structure of short-term associations of fine particulate matter chemical constituents and cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120, 1094–1099.
Kramer, U., Herder, C., Sugiri, D., Strassburger, K., Schikowski, T., Ranft, U., et al., 2010. Traffic-related air pollution and incident type 2 diabetes: Results from the SALIA cohort study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 118, 1273–1279.
Krewski, D., Jerrett, M., Burnett, R. T., Ma, R., Hughes, E., Shi, Y., et al., 2009. Extended follow-up and spatial analysis of the American Cancer Society study linking particulate air pollution and mortality. Research Report. (Health Effects Institute). 140, 5–114.
Kreyling, W. G., Hirn, S. and Schleh, C., 2010. Nanoparticles in the lung. Nature Biotechnology. 28, 1275–1276.
Lepeule, J., Laden, F., Dockery, D. and Schwartz, J., 2012. Chronic exposure to fine particles and mortality: An extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study from 1974 to 2009. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120, 965–970.
Mann, J. K., Balmes, J. R., Bruckner, T. A., Mortimer, K. M., Margolis, H. G., Pratt, B., et al., 2010. Short-term effects of air pollution on wheeze in asthmatic children in Fresno, California. Environmental Health Perspectives. 118, 1497–1502.
Mantecca, P., Sancini, G., Moschini, E., Farina, F., Gualtieri, M., Rohr, A., et al., 2009. Lung toxicity induced by intratracheal instillation of size-fractionated tire particles. Toxicology Letters. 189, 206–214.
Meister, K., Johansson, C. and Forsberg, B., 2012. Estimated short-term effects of coarse particles on daily mortality in Stockholm, Sweden. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120, 431–436.
Naess, Ø., Nafstad, P., Aamodt, G., Claussen, B. and Rosland, P., 2007. Relation between concentration of air pollution and cause-specific mortality: Four-year exposures to nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter pollutants in 470 neighborhoods in Oslo, Norway. American Journal of Epidemiology. 165, 435–443.
Oroji, B., Sadighzadeh, A., Solgi, E., Oliaei, M. S. (2021): Impact of air quality on students’ behavior in the Educational Centers. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 14, 24-37.
Oroji, B., Solgi, E., Sadighzadeh, A., Zakeri, A. R., Oliaei, M. S., Yousefi, H. (2019): Size Distribution and Chemical Composition of Indoor and Outdoor Particles in Lab Building. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 4(1): 15 – 26.
Ostro, B., Broadwin, R., Green, S., Feng, W. Y. and Lipsett, M., 2006. Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in nine California counties: Results from CALFINE. Environmental Health Perspectives. 114, 29–33.
Ostro, B., Lipsett, M., Reynolds, P., Goldberg, D., Hertz, A., Garcia, C., et al., 2010. Long-term exposure to constituents of fine particulate air pollution and mortality: Results from the California Teachers Study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 118, 363–369.
Papastefanou, C. 2008. Radioactive Aerosols. ELSEVIER. 187 p.
Peng, R. D., Chang, H. H., Bell, M. L., McDermott, A., Zeger, S. L., Samet, J. M., et al., 2008. Coarse particulate matter air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases among Medicare patients. Journal of the American Medical Association. 299, 2172–2179.
Pope, C. A., Ezzati, M. and Dockery, D. W., 2009. Fine particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(4), 376–386.
Proietti, E., Roosli, M., Frey, U. and Latzin, P., 2013. Air pollution during pregnancy and neonatal outcome: A review. Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery. 26, 9–23.
Puett, R. C., Hart, J. E., Schwartz, J., Hu, F. B., Liese, A. D. and Laden, F., 2011a. Are particulate matter exposures associated with risk of type 2 diabetes? Environmental Health Perspectives. 119, 384–389.
Puett, R. C., Hart, J. E., Suh, H., Mittleman, M., Laden, F., et al., 2011b. Particulate matter exposures, mortality, and cardiovascular disease in the health professional’s follow-up study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 119, 1130–1135.
Qiu, H., Yu, I. T., Tian, L., Wang, X., Tse, L. A., Tam, W., et al., 2012. Effects of coarse particulate matter on emergency hospital admissions for respiratory diseases: A time-series analysis in Hong Kong. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120, 572–576.
Quality of urban air review group. 1996. Airborne particulate matter in the UK. http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/ documents/reports/empire/quarg/quarg_11.pdf. Accessed 18 February 2015.
Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Sørensen, M., Ketzel, M., Hertel, O., Loft, S., Tjønneland, A., et al., 2013. Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and diabetes-associated mortality: A cohort study. Diabetologia. 56, 36–46.
Ranft, U., Schikowski, T., Sugiri, D., Krutmann, J., Krämer, U., et al., 2009. Long-term exposure to traffic-related particulate matter impairs cognitive function in the elderly. Environmental Research. 109, 1004–1011.
Riediker, M., Devlin, R. B., Griggs, T. R., Herbst, M. C., Bromberg, P. A., Williams, R. W., et al., 2004. Cardiovascular effects in patrol officers are associated with fine particulate matter from brake wear and engine emissions. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 1, 2.
Ritz, B. and Wilhelm, M., 2008. Ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes: methodologic issues in an emerging field. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 102, 182–190.
Ruckerl, R., Schneider, A., Breitner, S., Cyrys, J., Peters, A., et al., 2011. Health effects of particulate air pollution: A review of epidemiological evidence. Inhalation Toxicology. 23, 555–592.
Sapkota, A., Chelikowsky, A. P., Nachman, K. E., Cohen, A. J., Ritz, B., et al., 2012. Exposure to particulate matter and adverse birth outcomes: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health. 5, 369–381.
Schindler, C., Keidel, D., Gerbase, M. W., Zemp, E., Bettschart, R., Brändli, O., et al., 2009. Improvements in PM10 exposure and reduced rates of respiratory symptoms in a cohort of Swiss adults (SAPALDIA). American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 179, 579–587.
Son, J. Y., Lee, J. T., Kim, K. H., Jung, K. and Bell, M. L., 2012. Characterization of fine particulate matter and associations between particulate chemical constituents and mortality in Seoul, Korea. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120 872–878.
Thompson, R. C., Allam, A. H., Lombardi, G. P., Wann, L. S., Sutherland, M. L., Sutherland, J. D., et al., 2013. Atherosclerosis across 4000 years of human history: The Horus study of four ancient populations. The Lancet. 381, 1211–1222.
Van der Gon, H. A., Gerlofs-Nijland, M. E., Gehrig, R., Gustafsson, M., Janssen, N., Harrison, R. M., et al., 2013. The policy relevance of wear emissions from road transport, now and in the future—an international workshop report and consensus statement. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. 63, 136–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2012.741055
World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe. 2013a. Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution REVIHAAP project, technical report. http://www. euro.who.int/ data/assets/pdf_file/0004/193108/REVI HAAP-Final-technical-report-final-version.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 16 February 2015.
World Health Organization. (2014). Burden of disease from ambient air pollution for 2012: Description of method (Version 1). World Health Organization.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2014. Burden of disease from air pollution. http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/FINAL_HAP_AAP_BoD_24March 2014.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 9 February 2015.
World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe. 2013b. Health effects of particulate matter: Policy implications for countries in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and central Asia. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0006/189051/Health-effects-of-particulate-matterfinal- Eng.pdf. Accessed 9 February 2015.
World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe. 2012. Health effects of black carbon. http://www.euro. who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/162535/e96541.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 16 February 2015.
Wegesser, T. C., Pinkerton, K. E. and Last, J. A., 2009. California wildfires of 2008: Coarse and fine particulate matter toxicity. Environmental Health Perspectives. 117, 893–897. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.08001
Weichenthal, S., 2012. Selected physiological effects of ultrafine particles in acute cardiovascular morbidity. Environmental Research. 115, 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.001
Zanobetti, A. and Schwartz, J., 2009. The effect of fine and coarse particulate air pollution on mortality: A national analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives. 117, 898–903. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800108
Zweifel, L., Boni, T. and Ruhli, F. J., 2009. Evidence-based palaeopathology: Meta-analysis of PubMed-listed scientific studies on ancient Egyptian mummies. Journal of Comparative Human Biology. 60, 405–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchb.2009.07.002