Application of geophysical and hydrogeochemical methods in the Zimapán Aquifer, Hidalgo for environmental purposes
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Abstract
The region of Zimapán, Hidalgo, situated within the Tolimán watershed, faces groundwater contamination issues due to high concentrations of arsenic (As) and, in certain sites, fluoride (F-). This pollution is associated with the presence of several mineral deposits enriched with metallic sulfides, such as pyrite and arsenopyrite, as well as other minerals such as scorodite, a mineral produced by an exothermic process that releases sulfate. The origin of this mineralization stems from two distinct mineralization events: the initial event, linked with intrusions, and the subsequent event, characterized as hydrothermal in nature. These post-tectonic events, together with the Laramide orogeny, have generated an abrupt geomorphology and deformation, mainly in the carbonate sequence, which is covered by volcanic sediments. This makes it difficult to characterize geological structures that are continuous at depth and that may influence the aquifer system and the contamination of the basin. This study aims to identify and analyze the geological formations potentially associated with the occurrence of arsenic in groundwater at specific locations that influence groundwater dynamics, as well as structural formations that act as sources and pathways for the transport of these solutes. In pursuit of this objective, various methods were employed to regionally characterize and infer subsurface structures. Magnetic anomaly and Bouguer anomaly data were utilized. Utilizing this information, indirect 3D three-dimensional models of the study area were constructed, which were linked to the geological formations prevalent in the area through a thorough analysis of gravimetric and aeromagnetic anomalies. Among the most relevant results obtained, we observed the presence of highly dense bodies associated with granitic intrusions. Additionally, certain lineaments were identified that align with NW-SE geological faults validated in previous works with other methodologies, which link the mineralization resulting from the granitic intrusions and enrich groundwater with highly toxic metals and metalloids, mainly with arsenic. Finally, hydrogeochemistry proved to be useful in evaluating the influence relationship between the main anomalous bodies and natural groundwater contamination.
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