Geophysical and hydrogeological characterization of the sub-basins of Apan and Tochac (Mexico basin)
Main Article Content
Abstract
The main features of the hydrogeologic system in the Apan and Tochac sub-basins of the basin of Mexico are described from gravity, magnetic, resistivity, hydrogeological, and geochemical data. Both sub-basins have about 600 m of volcano-sedimentary infill, and are separated by the NE-SW trending Apan range. Gravity and magnetic data indicate that the Apan range is emplaced along a major NE-SW trending fault along the extension of a regional lineament joining the Tlaloc and Telapon volcanoes. The Apan sub-basin has low-level seismic activity. A correlation with borehole data confirms a model of the hydrogeologic system which includes intergranular, mixed and fissured aquifers with transmissivities between 5.7 x l0-3 m2/sec and 1.1 x 10-1 m2/sec, and permeability around 4.0 x 10-4. The fissured aquifer is the recharge area, while the other two aquifers constitute a semi-confined aquifer whose only discharge comes from well pumping. The unsaturated zone is 60 m thick and the potentiometric surface fluctuates 0.30 m yearly. However, in places no fluctuations were observed. The thickest portion of the aquifer, as delimited by vertical electric soundings and boreholes, is in the southern portion of the Tochac sub-basin. Resistivity values and hydrogeochemical studies indicate the presence at depth of good quality, slightly mineralized water.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
APHA-WWA-WPCF (a joint publication of), 1994. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, Amer. Pub. Health, HALTH Assoc, Washington, D. C., USA.
APPELO, C. A. J. and D. POSTMA, 1993. Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Brookfield, 537 pp.
ASTIZ, L. M., 1980. Sismicidad en Acambay, Estado de México. El temblor del 22 de Febrero de 1979, B. S. thesis, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, 130 pp.
BLAZQUEZ, L., 1956. Geohidrología de Ia Cuenca de México, Instituto Geológico, México, Internal report, 77 pp.
BRYAN, K., 1948. Los suelos complejos y fósiles de la Altiplanicie de México, en relación a los cambios climáticos, Boletín de Ia Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 13, 1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18268/BSGM1948v13n1a1
CAMPOS-ENRIQUEZ, J. O., O. DELGADO-RODRIGUEZ, R. CHAVEZ-SEGURA, P. GOMEZ-CONTRERAS, L. FLORES-MARQUEZ and F. S. BIRCH, 1997. The subsurface structure of Chalco sub-basin (Mexico City) inferred from geophysical data. Geophysics, 62, 23-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444123
CANTAGREL, M. and C. ROBIN, 1979. K-Ar dating on eastern mexican volcanic rocks.-Relations between the andesitic and alkaline province. J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 5, 99-114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(79)90035-0
CUSTODIO and M. R. LLAMAS, 1983. Hidrología subterránea, T. I, Editorial Omega.
DEMANT, A. and C. ROBIN, 1975. Las fases del vulcanismo en México, una síntesis en relación con la evolución geodinámica desde el Cretácico. Revista Instituto de Geología, UNAM, 71-85.
Economic European Communities (EEC), 1984. Guideline concerned with the quality of water for human consumption. In: Rump and Krist, 1989, Laboratory manuals for the examination of water, waste water and soil, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Germany, 189 pp.
ESCAMILLA-HERNANDEZ, A., 1977. Sismicidad reciente en el graben del Mezquital, B. Sc. Thesis, ESIA-Ticoman, IPN, 61 p.
Estudios y Construcciones Alas, S. A., 1983. Perfiles geofísicos en diferentes zonas de Ia Cuenca del Valle de México, SARH, Comisión de Aguas del Valle de México, Contract CAVM 83-418.
FREEZE, R. A. and J. A. CHERRY, 1979. Groundwater, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
FRIES, C., Jr., 1962. Hoja Pachuca 14 Q-e(11) estados de Hidalgo y Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geología, Carta Geológica de México, Serie 1 : 100,000 mapa con texto.
HERRERA, I., 1989. El sistema acuífero de la Cuenca de México. Introduction. Geofísica Internacional, 28, 2, 130-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1989.28.2.1182
HILDENBRAND, T. G., 1983. FFTFIL: a filtering program based on a two-dimensional Fourier analysis of geophysical data, Open-File Rep., 83-237, U. S. Geological Survey. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83237
HUIZAR-ALVAREZ, R., 1989. Contribution à l'étude géologique et hydrogéologique de Ia plaine de Chalco-Amecameca et de son bassin versant (Mexique), Diplome de Docteur de l'Université de Beçancon, France, 160 pp.
HUIZAR-ALVAREZ, R., 1993. Simulación matemática del sistema acuífero de Chalco-Amecameca, México. Geofísica Internacional, 32, 57-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1993.32.1.1152
HUIZAR-ALVAREZ, A. R., 1995. Hidrología de la subcuenca de Apan-Tochac. Submitted to Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, UNAM, México.
INTERPEX LIMITED, 1992. Resix Plus™ User Manual Resistivity Data Interpretation Software, Interpex Limited, Golden, CO, USA.
LEDESMA-GUERRERO, O., 1987, Hoja Calpulalpan 14 Q-H (3). Resumen de Ia geología de la Hoja Calpulalpan, Estados de México, Tlaxcala e Hidalgo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geología, Carta geológica de México, Serie 1:100,000.
LEE, W. H. K., R. E. BENNETT and K. L. MEAGHER, 1972. A method of estimating magnitude of local earthquakes from signal duration, U. S. Geologic Survey. Open-File Rep., 28 pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72223
LIENERT, B. R. E., E. BERG, and L. N. FRAZER, 1986. HYPOCENTER, an earthquake location method using centered, scaled, and adaptively damped least squares. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 76, 771-783. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0760030771
MOLNAR, P. and L. R. SYKES, 1969. Tectonics of the Caribbean and Middle America regions from focal mechanisms and seismicity. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 80, 1639-1684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1639:TOTCAM]2.0.CO;2
MOOSER, F., 1956, 1962. Bosquejo geológico del extremo sur de la Cuenca de México, México, D. F., Congreso Geológico Internacional, 20, Libro-Guía Excursión C-9, 9-16.
MOOSER, F., 1972. The Mexican volcanic belt: structure and tectonics. Geofísica Internacional, 12, 2, 55-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1972.12.2.1024
MOOSER, F., 1975. Historia Geológica de Ia Cuenca de México. In: Memoria de las obras del sistema de drenaje profundo del Distrito Federal, México, D. F., DDF, T. 1, 7-38 y mapa geológico.
ORELLANA, E. and H. M. MOONEY, 1966. Master tables and curves for electrical soundings over layered structures. Editorial Interciencia, Madrid.
ORTEGA-GUERRERO, A., J. CHERRY and D. L. RUDOLPH, 1993. Large-scale aquitard consolidation near Mexico City. Ground Water, 31, 708-718. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb00841.x
OWEN, P., B. BRICKER and F. JONES, 1995. Main factors affecting the composition of natural waters. In: Trace elements in naturals waters, Ed. Brit Salbu, Eiliv Steinnes, CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, 1, 1-20.
PEREZ-CRUZ, G. A., 1988. Estudio sismológico de reflexión del subsuelo de la Ciudad de México, M. Sc. thesis, Mexico City, DEPFI-UNAM, 83 pp.
PIPER, A. M., 1944. A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analysis. Am. Geophys. Union Trans., 25, 914-923. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/TR025i006p00914
RODRIGUEZ, C. R. and A. C. OCHOA, 1989. Estudio geoeléctrico del sistema acuífero de Ia cuenca de México. Geofísica Internacional, 28, 2, 191-205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1989.28.2.1027
SEGERSTROM, K., 1961. Geología del suroeste del Estado de Hidalgo y del noreste del Estado de México. Boletín de Ia Asociación Mexicana de Geología y Petrología, 13, 3-4, 147-168.
SCHOELLER, H., 1955. Géochemie des eaux souterraines. Applications aux eaux de gisements de petrole. lnstitut Français du Pétrole, France.
SECRETARIA DE SALUD (SS), 1996. Norma oficial mexicana, NOM. 127, SSA, Salud Ambiental, Agua para uso y consumo humano, Diario Oficial, Enero, Primera sección, México, D.F., p. 40-50.
STIFF, H. A., Jr., 1951. The interpretation of chemical water analysis by means of patterns. J. Petrol. Tech, 3, 10, 15-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2118/951376-G
TALWANI, M., L. WORZEL and M. LANDISMAN, 1959. Rapid gravity computations for two-dimensional bodies with applications to the Mendocino submarine fracture zone. J. Geophys. Res., 64, 49-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ064i001p00049
TALWANI, M., 1965. Computations with the help of a digital computer of magnetic anomalies caused of arbitrary shape. Geophysics, 20, 797-817. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1439654
TEJERO-ANDRADE, A., R. SANCHEZ-LEON and P. GONZALEZ-VILLALVASO, 1987. Interpretacion iterativa de sondeos. Geotermia, Revista Mexicana de Geoenergía, 3, 155-169.
THIESSEN, A. H., 1911. Precipitation for large areas. Monthly Weather Review, 39, 1082-1084. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1911)39<1082b:PAFLA>2.0.CO;2
THORNTHWAIT, O. W., 1944. 1943-1944 Report of the Community on Transpiration and Evaporation. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 25, 687. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/TR025i005p00683
TURC, L., 1954. Le bilan d'eau des sols: Relations entre Ia précipitation, l'évaporation et l'écoulement, La Houille Blanche, 3, Journées de l’Hydraulique de Ia Societé Hydrotechnique, France, p. 36-44.
US-EPA, 1984. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastewater, EPA, 16-74000, U. S. Environ. Prot. Assoc., Washington, D. C., USA.
WILLIAM, H., 1980. Official methods of analysis, Association Official Analytical Chemist, AOAC, Washington, D. C., USA.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), 1984. Guidelines for drinking water quality recommendation I, WHO, Genève.