Estudio hidrogeofísico para determinar la vulnerabilidad intrínseca y la capacidad protectora del acuífero de San Agustín Texcaltitlán, Estado de México
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Resumen
En este estudio se llevó a cabo la investigación hidrogeofísica del acuífero de San Agustín Texcaltitlán, municipio de Tenancingo Estado de México, para determinar los parámetros intrínsecos como la porosidad (n) y la conductividad hidráulica vertical (Kv) por análisis granulométrico; se midió la variación del nivel del agua en norias y se determinó el espesor (h) de los estratos de la zona no saturada y saturada empleando el método del Sondeo Eléctrico Vertical (SEV) y el arreglo Schlumberger de resistividad eléctrica (ρ). El objetivo consistió en determinar y zonificar la vulnerabilidad intrínseca a la contaminación del agua subterránea por fuentes antropogénicas con el método AVI, que define la resistencia hidráulica (C) y la capacidad protectora del acuífero con el método ICE, a partir de la conductancia longitudinal unitaria (S), con el método geoeléctrico del SEV. Ambos métodos solo requieren de dos parámetros, la Kv y el espesor h de las capas que constituyen la zona no saturada (ZNS), respectivamente. Los datos de 20 SEV adquiridos se interpretaron con el programa de computadora iterativo Interpex IX1D. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la porosidad de la ZNS es de 0.36-0.40 y la conductividad hidráulica vertical de 6-15 m/d, obtenida con la fórmula empírica de Slitcher. De 20 SEV realizados, se detectaron de 5 a 7 capas para el sistema acuífero con valores de la resistividad de 10-3,600 ohm-m y espesores variables, que se utilizaron para calcular las variaciones de la resistencia hidráulica (C), dando valores de 0.4-6.0 (días) indicando baja a alta vulnerabilidad, la conductancia longitudinal (S) y la resistencia transversal (R), conocidos como parámetros de Dar Zarrouk, arrojaron valores de 0.2-6.0 (Ω-1), indicando baja a alta capacidad de protección, y de 1,000-26,000 (ohm-m2), indicando zonas de baja a alta capacidad de infiltración, respectivamente. Finalmente, se elaboró el modelo conceptual de funcionamiento hidrogeológico del sistema acuífero de Texcaltitlán.
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