Modelo de favorabilidad geotérmica mediante Play Fairway Analysis de la zona geotérmica dentro del Complejo Caldera de Acoculco (Puebla, México)
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un Play Fairway Analysis realizado en la zona geotérmica localizada dentro del Complejo Caldera de Acoculco. En este estudio, considerando la existencia probada de una anomalía geotérmica en el subsuelo (identificada con pozos de >1.5 km de profundidad), se han utilizado datos geocientíficos de estudios previos considerados como indicadores o proxies de permeabilidad para generar el modelo de favorabilidad geotérmica. Este Play Fairway Analysis tiene un enfoque de expertos (expert-driven), debido a que no existen pozos con recursos geotérmicos probados para realizar un Play Fairway Analysis basado en datos (data-driven). Los datos empleados en este análisis fueron la ubicación de las fallas, del flujo de CO2, de los manantiales, de la temperatura del suelo, de los depósitos de ópalo y de los cráteres de erupciones hidrotermales. Las capas de los datos (evidence layers) fueron manejadas e integradas usando el software QGIS®. Los resultados muestran dos zonas con mayor favorabilidad geotérmica, ubicadas a aproximadamente 200 m al noroeste del pozo exploratorio EAC-1 y en la zona conocida como Alcaparrosa. En este trabajo, gracias a la recopilación de datos, también se discute por qué la zona geotérmica de Acoculco podría ser un sistema geotérmico convectivo y cómo las zonas con mayor favorabilidad geotérmica resultantes son las que tienen mayor potencial para alojar fluidos geotérmicos.
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Citas
Andreani, L., Rangin, C., Martínez-Reyes, J., Le Roy, C., Aranda-García, M., Le Pichon, X., & Peterson-Rodriguez, R. (2008). The neogene Veracruz fault: Evidences for left-lateral slip along the southern Mexico block. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 179(2), 195–208. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.179.2.195
Avellán, D. R., Macías, J. L., Layer, P. W., Cisneros, G., Sánchez-Núñez, J. M., Gómez-Vasconcelos, M. G., Pola, A., Sosa-Ceballos, G., García-Tenorio, F., Reyes Agustín, G., Osorio-Ocampo, S., García-Sánchez, L., Mendiola, I. F., Marti, J., López-Loera, H., & Benowitz, J. (2019). Geology of the late Pliocene – Pleistocene Acoculco caldera complex, eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (México). Journal of Maps, 15(2), 8–18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2018.1531075
Avellán, D. R., Macías, J. L., Layer, P. W., Sosa-Ceballos, G., Gómez-Vasconcelos, M. G., Cisneros-Máximo, G., Sánchez-Núñez, J. M., Martí, J., García-Tenorio, F., López-Loera, H., Pola, A., & Benowitz, J. (2020). Eruptive chronology of the Acoculco caldera complex - A resurgent caldera in the eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (México). Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 98, 102412. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102412
Barton, C. A., Hickman, S., Morin, R. H., Zoback, M. D., Finkbeiner, T., Sass, J., & Benoit, D. (1997). Fracture permeability and its relationship to in-situ stress in the Dixie Valley, Nevada, geothermal reservoir. En Proceedings of the 22nd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford. California, January 27-29, 1997 SGP-TR- 155 (pp.147-152). Stanford University.
Bogie, I., Lawless, J. V., & Pornuevo, J. B. (1987). Kaipohan: An apparently nonthermal manifestation of hydrothermal systems in the Philippines. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 31(3-4), 281–292. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(87)90072-2
Bolós, X., Del Ángel, V., Villanueva-Estrada, R. E., Sosa-Ceballos, G., Boijseauneau-López, M., Méndez, V., & Macías, J. L. (2022). Surface hydrothermal activity controlled by the active structural system in the self-sealing geothermal field of Acoculco (Mexico). Geothermics, 101, 102372. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2022.102372
Botero-Gómez, L. A., Murcia, H., Sánchez, J. J., Gómez-Vasconcelos, M. G., & López-Palacio, J. (2025). Métodos de exploración y sistemas geotérmicos en Colombia con énfasis en el volcán Nevado del Ruiz, proyecto geotérmico Valle de Nereidas. Boletín de Geología, 47(1), 63-91. doi: https://doi.org/10.18273/revbol.v47n1-2025003
Brogi, A., Lazzarotto, A., Liotta, D., Ranalli, G., & CROP18 Working Group. (2005). Crustal structures in the geothermal areas of southern Tuscany (Italy): Insights from the CROP 18 deep seismic reflection lines. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 148(1-2), 60–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.03.014
Browne, P. R. L., & Lawless, J. V. (2001). Characteristics of hydrothermal eruptions, with examples from New Zealand and elsewhere. Earth-Science Reviews, 52(4), 299–331. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00030-1
Calcagno, P., Trumpy, E., Gutiérrez-Negrín, L. C., & Liotta, D. (2022). A collection of 3D geomodels of the Los Humeros and Acoculco geothermal systems (Mexico). Scientific Data, 9(1), 280. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01327-0
Campbell, K. A., Guido, D. M., Gautret, P., Foucher, F., Ramboz, C., & Westall, F. (2015). Geyserite in hot-spring siliceous sinter: Window on Earth's hottest terrestrial (paleo) environment and its extreme life. Earth-Science Reviews, 148, 44–64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.05.009
Canet, C., Hernández-Cruz, B., Jiménez-Franco, A., Pi, T., Peláez, B., Villanueva-Estrada, R. E., & Salinas, S. (2015b). Combining ammonium mapping and short-wave infrared (SWIR) reflectance spectroscopy to constrain a model of hydrothermal alteration for the Acoculco geothermal zone, Eastern Mexico. Geothermics, 53, 154–165. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.05.012
Canet, C., Trillaud, F., Prol-Ledesma, R. M., González-Hernández, G., Peláez, B., Hernández-Cruz, B., & Sánchez-Córdova, M. M. (2015a). Thermal history of the Acoculco geothermal system, eastern Mexico: Insights from numerical modeling and radiocarbon dating. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 305, 56–62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.09.019
Cox, S. F., Knackstedt, M. A., & Braun, J. (2001). Principles of structural control on permeability and fluid flow in hydrothermal systems. Reviews in Economic Geology, 14, 1–24. doi: https://doi.org/10.5382/Rev.14.01
Craig, J. W., Faulds, J. E., Hinz, N. H., Earney, T. E., Schermerhorn, W. D., Siler, D. L., & Deoreo, S. B. (2021). Discovery and analysis of a blind geothermal system in southeastern Gabbs Valley, western Nevada, USA. Geothermics, 97, 102177. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2021.102177
Curewitz, D., & Karson, J. A. (1997). Structural settings of hydrothermal outflow: Fracture permeability maintained by fault propagation and interaction. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 79(3-4), 149–168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00027-9
Curtis, N. J., Gascooke, J. R., Johnston, M. R., & Pring, A. (2019). A review of the classification of opal with reference to recent new localities. Minerals, 9(5), 299. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/min9050299
Esquivel-Mendiola, L. I., Calò, M., Tamelli, A., & Figueroa-Soto, A. (2022). Optimization of local scale seismic networks applied to geothermal fields: The case of the Acoculco caldera, Mexico. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 119, 103995. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2022.103995
Faulds, J. E., Coolbaugh, M., Blewitt, G., & Henry, C. D. (2004). Why is Nevada in hot water? Structural controls and tectonic model of geothermal systems in the northwestern Great Basin. Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, 28, 649–654.
Faulds, J. E., Hinz, N. H., Coolbaugh, M. F., Siler, D. L., Shevenell, L. A., Queen, J. H., dePolo, C. M., Hammond, W. C., & Kreemer, C. (2016). Discovering geothermal systems in the Great Basin region: An integrated geologic, geochemical, and geophysical approach for establishing geothermal play fairways. En Proceedings of the 41st Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 22-24, 2016 SGP-TR-209 (pp. 1-15). Stanford University.
Faulkner, D. R., Jackson, C. A. L., Lunn, R. J., Schlische, R. W., Shipton, Z. K., Wibberley, C. A. J., & Withjack, M. O. (2010). A review of recent developments concerning the structure, mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones. Journal of Structural Geology, 32(11), 1557–1575. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.06.009
Forson, C., Swyer, M. W., Schmalzle, G. M., Czajkowski, J. L., Cladouhos, T. T., Davatzes, N., Norman, D. K., & Cole, R. A. (2015). Geothermal play-fairway analysis of Washington State prospects. Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, 39, 701–710.
García-Palomo, A., & Macías, J. L. (2000). The Apan region, Central Mexico: Volcanic stratigraphy and structural geology [Resumen de Presentación de Reunión]. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Estados Unidos.
García-Palomo, A., Macías, J. L., Jiménez, A., Tolson, G., Mena, M., Sánchez Núñez, J. M., Arce, J. L., Layer, P. W., Santoyo, M. Á., & Lermo Samaniego, J. (2018). NW-SE Pliocene-Quaternary extension in the Apan-Acoculco region, eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 349, 240–255. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.11.005
García-Palomo, A., Macías, J. L., Tolson, G., Valdez, G., & Mora, J. C. (2002). Volcanic stratigraphy and geological evolution of the Apan region, east-central sector of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Geofísica Internacional, 41(2), 133–150. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2002.41.2.282
González-Partida, E., Camprubi, A., Díaz-Carreño, E., Lopez-Hernandez, A., Pandarinath, K., & Santoyo, E. (2024). Overlapping events in the Acoculco geothermal system, Puebla, Mexico. Geothermics, 118, 102907. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2023.102907
Jentsch, A., Jolie, E., Jones, D. G., Taylor-Curran, H., Peiffer, L., Zimmer, M., & Lister, B. (2020). Magmatic volatiles to assess permeable volcano-tectonic structures in the Los Humeros geothermal field, Mexico. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 394, 106820. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106820
Jolie, E., Scott, S., Faulds, J., Chambefort, I., Axelsson, G., Gutiérrez-Negrín, L. C., & Zemedkun, M. T. (2021). Geological controls on geothermal resources for power generation. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 2(5), 324–339. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00154-y
Keegan-Treloar, R., Irvine, D. J., Solórzano-Rivas, S. C., Werner, A. D., Banks, E. W., & Currell, M. J. (2022). Fault-controlled springs: A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 230, 104058. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104058
Lautze, N., Thomas, D., Hinz, N., Apuzen-Ito, G., Frazer, N., & Waller, D. (2017). Play fairway analysis of geothermal resources across the State of Hawaii: 1. Geological, geophysical, and geochemical datasets. Geothermics, 70, 376–392. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2017.02.001
Lermo, J., Antayhua, Y., Bernal, I., Venegas, S., & Arredondo, J. (2009). Monitoreo sísmico en la zona geotérmica de Acoculco, Puebla, México. Geotermia, Revista Mexicana de Geoenergía, 22(1), 40–58.
Lindsey, C. R., Ayling, B. F., Asato, G., Seggiaro, R., Carrizo, N., Larcher, N., & Coolbaugh, M. F. (2021). Play fairway analysis for geothermal exploration in north-western Argentina. Geothermics, 95, 102128. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2021.102128 [Sin cambios]
Liotta, D., Brogi, A., Wheeler, W. H., Bastensen, E., Garduño-Monroy, V. H., Macias, J. L., & Zucchi, M. (2023). Tectonic-magmatic-hydrothermal interactions in a hot dry rock geothermal system: The role of the transfer and normal faults in the Acoculco caldera (Mexico). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 444, 107963. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2023.107963
Liotta, D., Ruggieri, G., Brogi, A., Fulignati, P., Dini, A., & Nardini, I. (2010). Migration of geothermal fluids in extensional terrains: The ore deposits of the Boccheggiano-Montieri area (southern Tuscany, Italy). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 99(3), 623–644. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0411-3
López-Hernández, A., García-Estrada, G., Aguirre-Díaz, G., González-Partida, E., Palma-Guzmán, H., & Quijano-León, J. L. (2009). Hydrothermal activity in the Tulancingo–Acoculco Caldera Complex, central Mexico: Exploratory studies. Geothermics, 38(3), 279–293. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2009.05.001
Maldonado-Hernández, L. T. (2025). Exploración sísmica de la caldera de Acoculco, Puebla [Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo]. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. doi: http://bibliotecavirtual.dgb.umich.mx:8083/jspui/handle/DGB_UMICH/19233
Moeck, I. S. (2014). Catalog of geothermal play types based on geologic controls. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, 867–882. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.032
Montanaro, C., Mick, E., Salas-Navarro, J., Caudron, C., Cronin, S. J., de Moor, J. M., ... & Strehlow, K. (2022). Phreatic and hydrothermal eruptions: From overlooked to looking over. Bulletin of Volcanology, 84(6), 64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01571-7
Olvera-García, E., Ávila-Olivera, J. A., Figueroa-Soto, Á., Coolbaugh, M., & Liotta, D. (2025a). Data-driven Play Fairway Analysis applied to Los Humeros geothermal field, Mexico. Geothermics, 130, 103337. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103337
Olvera-García, E., Ayling, B. F., Rueda-Gutiérrez, J. B., Rivera, A. M. M., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, G. F., Malo, J., Sánchez, J., Rodríguez-Molina, Y., Pardo, Y., Casallas-Veloza, Y.P., Matiz-León, J.M., Rodríguez-Ospina, G., Alva, M.R., Aguirre-Corrales, A., & Alfaro-Valero, C. M. (2023). Expert-driven play fairway analysis applied to the Azufral Volcano Geothermal Area in southwestern Colombia. Geothermics, 115, 102827. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2023.102827
Olvera-García, E., Ávila-Olivera, J. A., Figueroa-Soto, Á., Coolbaugh, M., & Liotta, D. (2025b). Response to comments by Rosa María Prol-Ledesma on the manuscript: Data-driven Play Fairway Analysis applied to Los Humeros geothermal field, Mexico. Geothermics, 131, 103384. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103384
Olvera-García, E., Garduño-Monroy, V. H., Liotta, D., Brogi, A., Bermejo-Santoyo, G., & Guevara-Alday, J. A. (2020a). Neogene-Quaternary normal and transfer faults controlling deep-seated geothermal systems: The case of San Agustín del Maíz (central Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, México). Geothermics, 86, 101791. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2019.101791
Olvera-García, E., Garduño-Monroy, V. H., Ostrooumov, M., Gaspar-Patarroyo, T. L., & Nájera-Blas, S. M. (2020b). Structural control on hydrothermal upwelling in the Ixtlán de los Hervores geothermal area, Mexico. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 399, 106888. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106888
Olvera-García, E., Garduño-Monroy, V. H., Ostrooumov, M., Bermejo-Santoyo, G., Guevara-Alday, J. A., Brogi, A., & Liotta, D. (2020c). Lithofacies and mineralogy of sinter deposits from San Agustín del Maíz geothermal zone, Michoacán, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 37(3), 212–223. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2020.3.1585
Olvera-García, E., Simbe, S., Mangahas, L., Marbello, A., Mandig, A., Alcantara, C. S., & Fronda, A. (2024). Expert-driven geothermal play fairway analysis for low to medium temperature hidden systems in northwestern Luzon Island, Philippines. Geothermics, 123, 103130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103130
Pauling, H., Taverna, N., Trainor-Guitton, W., Witter, E., Kolker, A., Warren, I., Robins, J., & Rhodes, G. (2023). Geothermal play fairway analysis best practices. Technical Report NREL/TP-5700-86139. doi: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy23osti/86139.pdf
Peiffer, L., Bernard-Romero, R., Mazot, A., Taran, Y. A., Guevara, M., & Santoyo, E. (2014). Fluid geochemistry and soil gas fluxes (CO2–CH4–H2S) at a promissory Hot Dry Rock Geothermal System: The Acoculco caldera, Mexico. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 284, 122–137. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.07.019
Pérez-Martínez, I., Villanueva-Estrada, R. E., Rodríguez-Díaz, A., Canet, C., García, R., Ramos-Leal, J. A., García, D., & Cambrón, J. F. (2021). Diffuse gases in soil of Araró-Simirao geothermal system, Michoacán, México. Andean Geology, 48(3), 496–513. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeoV48n3-3327
Pérez-Zárate, D., Santoyo, E., Jácome-Paz, M. P., Guevara, M., Guerero, F., Yánez-Dávila, D., & Santos-Raga, G. (2024). Soil CO2 fluxes measured in the Acoculco Geothermal System, Mexico: Baseline emissions from a long-term prospection programme. Geochemistry, 84(2), 126112. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2024.126112
Perton, M., Hernández, L. M., Figueroa-Soto, A., Sosa-Ceballos, G., Amador, J. D. J., Angulo, J., & Calò, M. (2022). The magmatic plumbing system of the Acoculco volcanic complex (Mexico) revealed by ambient noise tomography. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 432, 107704. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107704
Prol-Ledesma, R. M., de la Cruz, J. C., Jácome-Paz, M. P., Pérez-Zárate, D., & González-Romo, I. A. (2025). Updated conceptual model of the hydrothermal system in the Acoculco Caldera, Mexico. Geothermics, 131, 103381. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103381
Pulido, C. L., Armenta, M. F., & Silva, G. R. (2011). Caracterización de un yacimiento de roca seca caliente en la zona geotérmica de Acoculco, Pue. Geotermia, 24(1), 59-69.
Rea-Downing, G. H., Glen, J. M., Peacock, J., Witter, J., Hardwick, C., Szymanski, E., Kirby, S., Hart-Wagoner, N., & Faulds, J. (2026). Characterizing the geothermal potential at Lund North, UT using 2D and 3D geophysical and geologic models. En Proceedings, 51 st Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford, California, February 9-11, 2026 SGP-TR-230 (pp.1-15). Stanford University.
Rocha, S., Jiménez, E., & Palma, H. (2006). Propuesta para dos pozos exploratorios en el proyecto geotérmico de Acoculco, Puebla. Comisión Federal de Electricidad, Informe Interno N.º OGL-ACO-03/06. Inédito.
Rowland, J. V., & Sibson, R. H. (2004). Structural controls on hydrothermal flow in a segmented rift system, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Geofluids, 4(4), 259–283. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2004.00091.x
Sanjuan, B., Gal, F., & Alfaro, R. (2020, febrero). Developments of auxiliary chemical geothermometers (Na-Li, Na-Cs) applied to the Los Humeros and Acoculco high-temperature geothermal fields (México). [Presentación de Conferencia]. H2020-GEMex Final Conference - Superhot Geothermal Systems and the Development of Enhanced Geothermal Systems, Potsdam, Alemania.
Santos-Raga, G., Santoyo, E., Guevara, M., Almirudis, E., Pérez-Zárate, D., & Yáñez-Dávila, D. (2021). Tracking geochemical signatures of rare earth and trace elements in spring waters and outcropping rocks from the hidden geothermal system of Acoculco, Puebla (Mexico). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 227, 106798. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2021.106798
Shervais, J. W., Glen, J. M., Siler, D., Liberty, L. M., Nielson, D., Garg, S., Dobson, P., Gasperikova, E., Sonnenthal, E., Newell, D., Evans, J., DeAngelo, J., Peacock, J., Earney, T., Schermerhorn, W., & Neupane, G. (2020). Play fairway analysis in geothermal exploration: The Snake River Plain volcanic province. En Proceedings of the 45th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 10-12, 2020 SGP-TR-216 (pp.186-194). Stanford Geothermal Program.
Siler, D. L., Zhang, Y., Spycher, N. F., Dobson, P. F., McClain, J. S., Gasperikova, E., & Cantwell, C. (2017). Play-fairway analysis for geothermal resources and exploration risk in the Modoc Plateau region. Geothermics, 69, 15–33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2017.04.003
Sillitoe, R. H., & Brogi, A. (2021). Geothermal systems in the northern Apennines, Italy: Modern analogues of Carlin-style gold deposits. Economic Geology, 116(7), 1491–1501. doi: https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4883
Suter, M. (1984). Cordilleran deformation along the eastern edge of the Valles–San Luis Potosí carbonate platform, Sierra Madre Oriental fold-thrust belt, east-central Mexico. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95(12), 1387–1397. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<1387:CDATEE>2.0.CO;2
Truesdell, A. H., & Hulston, J. R. (1980). Isotopic evidence on environments of geothermal systems. En P. Fritz & J. C. Fontes (Eds.), Handbook of environmental isotope geochemistry vol. 1 (pp. 179–226). Elsevier. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-41780-0.50011-0
Zheng, F., Thibaut, R., Liang, Z., Yu, J., & Pollack, A. (2026). Thermal Gradient Signatures of Fault-Controlled Hydrothermal Systems: Insights from Conceptual Models and Field Data. En Proceedings, 51 st Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford California, February 9-11, 2026 SGP-TR-230 (pp.1-13). Stanford University.