Estratigrafía e historia eruptiva de la erupción pliniana que originó la Pómez Xoxoctic, Caldera Los Humeros, México
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Resumen
La Pómez Xoxoctic (PX) representa uno de los eventos explosivos post-colapso más significativos del Complejo Volcánico de Los Humeros (Pleistoceno superior, entre 28 y 50 ka), clasificado como una erupción pliniana multifásica de Magnitud 5.3 y VEI 4. El análisis estratigráfico documenta una evolución a través de cuatro fases eruptivas: (1) una fase explosiva de apertura pulsátil (capa XA); (2) el establecimiento de una columna subpliniana intensa pero corta duración (capa XB); (3) una interrupción marcada por el emplazamiento de una corriente de densidad piroclástica húmeda (capa XC); y (4) una fase pliniana culminante de alta energía (capa XD). La evolución geoquímica, desde andesita basáltica hasta dacita (57–67 wt. % SiO2), junto con las características texturales del depósito —en particular la erupción inicial del magma más evolucionado y la posterior zonación inversa asimétrica en la capa XD—, son incompatibles con un modelo de vaciado estático. En su lugar, los datos indican que la erupción fue alimentada por un reservorio magmático estratificado y dinámico. Procesos de arrastre convectivo durante el clímax eruptivo pudieran explicar la evolución composicional observada, así como la mezcla incompleta evidenciada por la pómez bandeada. Con un volumen total estimado de 0.86 km3 RDE, la PX alcanza una escala comparable a la erupción de 1982 del volcán El Chichón, y constituye un marcador estratigráfico clave en la evolución de Los Humeros. Este trabajo presenta un modelo eruptivo que integra la evolución geoquímica y estratigráfica del depósito, aportando elementos fundamentales para comprender el vaciado magmático del sistema y los peligros volcánicos asociados a erupciones explosivas en la región.
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